നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ The value of a commodity would therefore remain constant, if the labour time required for its production also remained constant. But the latter changes with every variation in the productiveness of labour. This productiveness is determined by various circumstances, amongst others, by the average amount of skill of the workmen, the state of science, and the degree of its practical application, the social organisation of production, the extent and capabilities of the means of production, and by physical conditions. For example, the same amount of labour in favourable seasons is embodied in 8 bushels of corn, and in unfavourable, only in four. The same labour extracts from rich mines more metal than from poor mines. Diamonds are of very rare occurrence on the earth’s surface, and hence their discovery costs, on an average, a great deal of labour time. Consequently much labour is represented in a small compass. Jacob doubts whether gold has
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- ഇമെയില്
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നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ We see then that that which determines the magnitude of the value of any article is the amount of labour socially necessary, or the labour time socially necessary for its production. Each individual commodity, in this connexion, is to be considered as an average sample of its class. Commodities, therefore, in which equal quantities of labour are embodied, or which can be produced in the same time, have the same value. The value of one commodity is to the value of any other, as the labour time necessary for the production of the one is to that necessary for the production of the other. “As values, all commodities are only definite masses of congealed labour time.” ജർമ്മൻ മൂലം ഇതാ Es ist also nur das Quantum gesellschaftlich notwendiger Arbeit oder die zur Herstellung eines Gebrauchswerts gesellschaftlich notwendige Arbeitszeit, welche seine Wertgröße bestimmt. Die einzelne Ware gilt hier überhaupt als Durchschnittsexemplar ihrer Art.
- ലിങ്ക് സ്വന്തമാക്കുക
- ഇമെയില്
- മറ്റ് ആപ്പുകൾ
നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ Some people might think that if the value of a commodity is determined by the quantity of labour spent on it, the more idle and unskilful the labourer, the more valuable would his commodity be, because more time would be required in its production. The labour, however, that forms the substance of value, is homogeneous human labour, expenditure of one uniform labour power. The total labour power of society, which is embodied in the sum total of the values of all commodities produced by that society, counts here as one homogeneous mass of human labour power, composed though it be of innumerable individual units. Each of these units is the same as any other, so far as it has the character of the average labour power of society, and takes effect as such; that is, so far as it requires for producing a commodity, no more time than is needed on an average, no more than is socially necessary. The labour time socially necessary is that required t
- ലിങ്ക് സ്വന്തമാക്കുക
- ഇമെയില്
- മറ്റ് ആപ്പുകൾ
ഇന്ന് നവമ്പർ ഏഴ്. മഹത്തായ ഒക്ടോബർ വിപ്ലവം നീണാൾ വാഴട്ടെ! എല്ലാവർക്കും ആശംസകൾ! നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ A use value, or useful article, therefore, has value only because human labour in the abstract has been embodied or materialised in it. How, then, is the magnitude of this value to be measured? Plainly, by the quantity of the value-creating substance, the labour, contained in the article. The quantity of labour, however, is measured by its duration, and labour time in its turn finds its standard in weeks, days, and hours. ജർമ്മൻ മൂലം ഇതാ Ein Gebrauchswert oder Gut hat also nur einen Wert, weil abstrakt menschliche Arbeit in ihm vergegenständlicht oder materialisiert ist. Wie nun die Größe seines Werts messen? Durch das Quantum der in ihm enthaltenen "wertbildenden Substanz", der Arbeit. Die Quantität der Arbeit selbst mißt sich an ihrer Zeitdauer, und die Arbeitszeit besitzt wieder ihren Maßstab an bestimmten Zeitteilen, wie Stunde, Tag usw.
- ലിങ്ക് സ്വന്തമാക്കുക
- ഇമെയില്
- മറ്റ് ആപ്പുകൾ
നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ We have seen that when commodities are exchanged, their exchange value manifests itself as something totally independent of their use value. But if we abstract from their use value, there remains their Value as defined above. Therefore, the common substance that manifests itself in the exchange value of commodities, whenever they are exchanged, is their value. The progress of our investigation will show that exchange value is the only form in which the value of commodities can manifest itself or be expressed. For the present, however, we have to consider the nature of value independently of this, its form. ജർമ്മൻ മൂലം ഇതാ Im Austauschverhältnis der Waren selbst erschien uns ihr Tauschwert als etwas von ihren Gebrauchswerten durchaus Unabhängiges. Abstrahiert man nun wirklich vom Gebrauchswert der Arbeitsprodukte, so erhält man ihren Wert, wie er eben bestimmt ward. Das Gemeinsame, was sich im Austauschverhältnis oder Tauschwe
- ലിങ്ക് സ്വന്തമാക്കുക
- ഇമെയില്
- മറ്റ് ആപ്പുകൾ
നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ Let us now consider the residue of each of these products; it consists of the same unsubstantial reality in each, a mere congelation of homogeneous human labour, of labour power expended without regard to the mode of its expenditure. All that these things now tell us is, that human labour power has been expended in their production, that human labour is embodied in them. When looked at as crystals of this social substance, common to them all, they are – Values. ജർമ്മൻ മൂലം ഇതാ Betrachten wir nun das Residuum der Arbeitsprodukte. Es ist nichts von ihnen übriggeblieben als dieselbe gespenstige Gegenständlichkeit, eine bloße Gallerte unterschiedsloser menschlicher Arbeit, d.h. der Verausgabung menschlicher Arbeitskraft ohne Rücksicht auf die Form ihrer Verausgabung. Diese Dinge stellen nur noch dar, daß in ihrer Produktion menschliche Arbeitskraft verausgabt, menschliche Arbeit aufgehäuft ist. Als Kristalle dieser ihnen gemeinsch
- ലിങ്ക് സ്വന്തമാക്കുക
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നമുക്ക് തുടരാം ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് തർജ്ജമ നോക്കൂ If then we leave out of consideration the use value of commodities, they have only one common property left, that of being products of labour. But even the product of labour itself has undergone a change in our hands. If we make abstraction from its use value, we make abstraction at the same time from the material elements and shapes that make the product a use value; we see in it no longer a table, a house, yarn, or any other useful thing. Its existence as a material thing is put out of sight. Neither can it any longer be regarded as the product of the labour of the joiner, the mason, the spinner, or of any other definite kind of productive labour. Along with the useful qualities of the products themselves, we put out of sight both the useful character of the various kinds of labour embodied in them, and the concrete forms of that labour; there is nothing left but what is common to them all; all are reduced to one and the same sort of